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December 27, 2012

Linux command – 1.6 – File size & disk space

df – report file system disk space usage

Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default.

Usage:

df [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Options:

-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --local limit listing to local file systems
--no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
-P, --portability use the POSIX output format
 --sync invoke sync before getting usage info
-t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE
-T, --print-type print file system type
-x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
-v (ignored)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

Example: display available disk space

$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/vzfs 30G 21G 9.3G 70% /
none 512M 4.0K 512M 1% /dev
/dev/vzfs 30G 21G 9.3G 70% /var/named/run-root/var/run/dbus

du – estimate file space usage

Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.

Usage:

du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F

Options:

-a, --all
write counts for all files, not just directories

--apparent-size
print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like

-B, --block-size=SIZE
use SIZE-byte blocks

-b, --bytes
equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total
produce a grand total

-D, --dereference-args
dereference FILEs that are symbolic links

--files0-from=F
summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F

-H
like --si, but also evokes a warning; will soon change to be equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)

-h, --human-readable
print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

--si
like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

-k
like --block-size=1K

-l, --count-links
count sizes many times if hard linked

-m
like --block-size=1M

-L, --dereference
dereference all symbolic links

-P, --no-dereference
don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)

-0, --null
end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline

-S, --separate-dirs
do not include size of subdirectories

-s, --summarize
display only a total for each argument

-x, --one-file-system
skip directories on different file systems

-X FILE, --exclude-from=FILE
Exclude files that match any pattern in FILE.

--exclude=PATTERN
Exclude files that match PATTERN.

--max-depth=N
print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize

--time
show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories

--time=WORD
show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status

--time-style=STYLE
show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date'

--help
display this help and exit

--version
output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

Examples: display size of a directory

$ du -hs /path/to/dir
9.2G	/path/to/dir

stat – display file or file system status

Usage:

stat [OPTION]... FILE...

Options:

-L, --dereference
follow links

-f, --file-system
display file system status instead of file status

-c --format=FORMAT
use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newâ line after each use of FORMAT

--printf=FORMAT
like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not outâ put a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include n in FORMAT

-t, --terse
print the information in terse form

--help
display this help and exit

--version
output version information and exit

The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system):
%a Access rights in octal
%A Access rights in human readable form
%b Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
%B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
%C SELinux security context string
%d Device number in decimal
%D Device number in hex
%f Raw mode in hex
%F File type
%G Group name of owner
%h Number of hard links
%i Inode number
%m Mount point
%n File name
%N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
%o I/O block size
%s Total size, in bytes
%t Major device type in hex
%T Minor device type in hex
%u User ID of owner
%U User name of owner
%w Time of file birth, human-readable; - if unknown
%W Time of file birth, seconds since Epoch; 0 if unknown
%x Time of last access, human-readable
%X Time of last access, seconds since Epoch
%y Time of last modification, human-readable
%Y Time of last modification, seconds since Epoch
%z Time of last change, human-readable
%Z Time of last change, seconds since Epoch

Valid format sequences for file systems:
%a Free blocks available to non-superuser
%b Total data blocks in file system
%c Total file nodes in file system
%d Free file nodes in file system
%f Free blocks in file system
%i File System ID in hex
%l Maximum length of filenames
%n File name
%s Block size (for faster transfers)
%S Fundamental block size (for block counts)
%t Type in hex
%T Type in human readable form

Example: display file system status

$ stat -f /
  File: "/"
    ID: 2b6896ea6511332f Namelen: 255     Type: ext2/ext3
Block size: 4096       Fundamental block size: 4096
Blocks: Total: 2090580    Free: 1663166    Available: 1558309
Inodes: Total: 524288     Free: 421462

Alternative way to display file size using ls command

$ ls -lah filename | awk '{ print $5}'
Filed under: Linux — Tags: , , , , — GG @ 8:53 pm

December 19, 2012

Linux command – 1.2 – Searching for files

find – search for files in a directory hierarchy

Usage:

find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-D debugopts] [-Olevel] [path...] [expression]

Options:

-P
Never follow symbolic links. This is the default behaviour. When find examines or prints information a file, and the file is a symbolic link, the information used shall be taken from the properties of the symbolic link itself.

-L
Follow symbolic links. When find examines or prints information about files, the information used shall be taken from the properties of the file to which the link points, not from the link itself (unless it is a broken symbolic link or find is unable to examine the file to which the link points). Use of this option implies -noleaf. If you later use the -P option, -noleaf will still be in effect. If -L is in effect and find discovers a symbolic link to a subdirectory during its search, the subdirectory pointed to by the symbolic link will be searched. When the -L option is in effect, the -type predicate will always match against the type of the file that a symbolic link points to rather than the link itself (unless the symbolic link is broken). Using -L causes the -lname and -ilname predicates always to return false.

-H
Do not follow symbolic links, except while processing the command line arguments. When find examines or prints information about files, the information used shall be taken from the properties of the symbolic link itself. The only exception to this behaviour is when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link, and the link can be resolved. For that situation, the information used is taken from whatever the link points to (that is, the link is followed). The information about the link itself is used as a fallback if the file pointed to by the symbolic link cannot be examined. If -H is in effect and one of the paths specified on the command line is a symbolic link to a directory, the contents of that directory will be examined (though of course -maxdepth 0 would prevent this).

locate – find files by name

Usage:

locate [OPTION]... PATTERN...

Options:

-b, --basename
Match only the base name against the specified patterns. This is the opposite of --wholename.-c, --count
Instead of writing file names on standard output, write the number of matching entries only.

-d, --database DBPATH
Replace the default database with DBPATH. DBPATH is a :-separated list of database file names. If more than one --database option is specified, the resulting path is a concatenation of the separate paths. An empty database file name is replaced by the default database. A database file name - refers to the standard input. Note that a database can be read from the standard input only once.

-e, --existing
Print only entries that refer to files existing at the time locate is run.

-L, --follow
When checking whether files exist (if the --existing option is specified), follow trailing symbolic links. This causes broken symbolic links to be omitted from the output. This is the default behavior. The opposite can be specified using --nofollow.

-h, --help
Write a summary of the available options to standard output and exit successfully.

-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case distinctions when matching patterns.

-l, --limit, -n LIMIT
Exit successfully after finding LIMIT entries. If the --count option is specified, the resulting count is also limited to LIMIT.

-m, --mmap
Ignored, for compatibility with BSD and GNU locate.

-P, --nofollow, -H
When checking whether files exist (if the --existing option is specified), do not follow trailing symbolic links. This causes broken symbolic links to be reported like other files. This is the opposite of --follow.

-0, --null
Separate the entries on output using the ASCII NUL character instead of writing each entry on a separate line. This option is designed for interoperability with the --null option of GNU
xargs(1).

-S, --statistics
Write statistics about each read database to standard output instead of searching for files and exit successfully.

-q, --quiet
Write no messages about errors encountered while reading and processing databases.

-r, --regexp REGEXP
Search for a basic regexp REGEXP. No PATTERNs are allowed if this option is used, but this option can be specified multiple times.

--regex
Interpret all PATTERNs as extended regexps.

-s, --stdio
Ignored, for compatibility with BSD and GNU locate.

-V, --version
Write information about the version and licence of locate on standard output and exit successfully.

-w, --wholename
Match only the whole path name against the specified patterns. This is the default behavior. The opposite can be specified using --basename.

Filter contents using ls & grep

Example: list all mp3 files in current working directory

$ ls -B |grep ".mp3"
?????.mp3
?????.mp3
?????.mp3
Filed under: Linux — Tags: , , , — GG @ 5:41 pm

December 1, 2012

Linux command – 1.3 – Viewing file

more – file perusal filter for crt viewing

View a file in terminal with ability to scroll down.

Usage:

more [-dlfpcsu] [-num] [+/pattern] [+linenum] [file ...]

Options:

-num
This option specifies an integer number which is the screen size (in lines).

-d
more will prompt the user with the message "[Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.]" and will display "[Press 'h' for instructions.]" instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is pressed.

-l
more usually treats ^L (form feed) as a special character, and will pause after any line that contains a form feed. The -l option will prevent this behavior.

-f
Causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines (i.e., long lines are not folded).

-p
Do not scroll. Instead, clear the whole screen and then display the text. Notice that this option is switched on automatically if the executable is named page.

-c
Do not scroll. Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing the remainder of each line as it is displayed.

-s
Squeeze multiple blank lines into one.

-u
Suppress underlining.

+/
The +/ option specifies a string that will be searched for before each file is displayed.

+num
Start at line number.

less – opposite of more

View a file in terminal with ability to scroll up and down.

Usage:

less -?
less --help
less -V
less --version
less [-[+]aABcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~] [-b space] [-h lines] [-j line] [-k keyfile] [-{oO} logfile] [-p pattern] [-P prompt] [-t tag] [-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y lines] [-[z] lines] [-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]...

Options:

-?, --help
This option displays a summary of the commands accepted by  less (the  same  as  the  h  command). (Depending on how your shell interprets the question mark, it may be necessary to  quote  the question mark, thus: "-?".)

-a, --search-skip-screen
Forward search skips current screen.

-A, --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Forward search always skips target line.

-b[N], --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.

-B, --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.

-c, --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.

-d, --dumb
Dumb terminal.

-D[xn.n], --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)

-e, -E, --quit-at-eof, --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.

-f, --force
Force open non-regular files.

-F, --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.

-g, --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.

-G, --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.

-h [N], --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.

-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.

-I, --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.

-j [N], --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.

-J, --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.

-k [file], --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.

-K, --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.

-L, --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.

-m, -M, --long-prompt, --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.

-n, -N, --line-numbers, --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.

-o [file], --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).

-O [file], --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).

-p [pattern], --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).

-P [prompt], --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.

-q, -Q, --quiet, --QUIET, --silent, --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.

-r, -R, --raw-control-chars, --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.

-s, --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.

-S, --chop-long-lines
Chop long lines.

-t [tag], --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.

-T [tagsfile], --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.

-u, -U, --underline-special, --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.

-V, --version
Display the version number of "less".

-w, --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.

-W, --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.

-x [N[,...]], --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.

-X, --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
 --no-keypad
 Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings.

-y[N], --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.

-z[N], --window=[N]
Set size of window.

-" [c[c]], --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.

-~, --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.

-# [N], --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)

--no-keypad
Don't send keypad init/deinit sequence.

--follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.

head – output the first part of files

Usage:

head [OPTION]… [FILE]…Options:

-c, --bytes=[-]K
print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file

-n, --lines=[-]K
print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file

-q, --quiet, --silent
never print headers giving file names

-v, --verbose
always print headers giving file names

--help
display this help and exit

--version
output version information and exit

K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

tail – output the last part of files

Usage:

tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Options:

-c, --bytes=K
output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file

-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent

-F
same as --follow=name --retry

-n, --lines=K
output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth

--max-unchanged-stats=N
with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files). With inotify, this option is rarely useful.

--pid=PID
with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

-q, --quiet, --silent
never output headers giving file names

--retry
keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

-s, --sleep-interval=N
with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations. With inotify and --pid=P, check process P at least once every N seconds.

-v, --verbose
always output headers giving file names

pg – browse pagewise through text files

Usage:

pg [-number] [-p string] [-cefnrs] [+line] [+/pattern/] [file...]

Options:

-number
The number of lines per page. Usually, this is the number of CRT lines minus one.

-c
Clear the screen before a page is displayed, if the terminfo entry for the terminal provides this capability.

-e
Do not pause and display (EOF) at the end of a file.

-f
Do not split long lines.

-n
Without this option, commands must be terminated by a newline character. With this option, pg advances once a command letter is entered.

-p string
Instead of the normal prompt :, string is displayed. If string contains %d, its first occurrence is replaced by the number of the current page.

-r
Disallow the shell escape.

-s
Print messages in standout mode, if the terminfo entry for the terminal provides this capability.

+number
Start at the given line.

+/pattern/
Start at the line containing the Basic Regular Expression patâ tern given.
Filed under: Linux — Tags: , , , , , , — GG @ 3:55 pm

Linux command – 1.4 – File operation

cat – concatenate file(s) or standard input to standard output.

Usage:

cat [option] [file]

Options:

-A, --show-all
equivalent to -vET-b, --number-nonblank
number nonempty output lines, overrides -n

-e
equivalent to -vE

-E, --show-ends
display $ at end of each line

-n, --number
number all output lines

-s, --squeeze-blank
suppress repeated empty output lines

-T, --show-tabs
display TAB characters as ^I

-u
(ignored)

-v, --show-nonprinting
use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB

Example: Combine 2 files

$ cat file1 file2 > newfile

Example: Append a file to another file

$ cat file1 >> file2

cp – copy / duplicate files and/or directories

Usage:

cp [option] [source] [destination]

Options:

-a, --archive
same as -dR --preserve=all--attributes-only
don't copy the file data, just the attributes

--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of each existing destination file

-b like --backup but does not accept an argument

--copy-contents
copy contents of special files when recursive

-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links

-f, --force
if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used)

-i, --interactive
prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option)

-H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE

-l, --link
hard link files instead of copying

-L, --dereference
always follow symbolic links in SOURCE

-n, --no-clobber
do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option)

-P, --no-dereference
never follow symbolic links in SOURCE

-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps

--preserve[=ATTR_LIST]
preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all

-c same as --preserve=context

--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST
don't preserve the specified attributes

--parents
use full source file name under DIRECTORY

-R, -r, --recursive
copy directories recursively

--reflink[=WHEN]
control clone/CoW copies. See below

--remove-destination
remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force)

--sparse=WHEN
control creation of sparse files. See below

--strip-trailing-slashes
remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

-s, --symbolic-link
make symbolic links instead of copying

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX
override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

-T, --no-target-directory
treat DEST as a normal file

-u, --update
copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing

-v, --verbose
explain what is being done

-x, --one-file-system
stay on this file system

-Z, --context=CONTEXT
set security context of copy to CONTEXT

Example: Copy file1 to file2

$ cp file1 file2

Example: Create a new symbolic link of file1 as file2

$ cp -s file1 file2

mv – move / rename files and/or directories

Usage:

mv [option] [source] [destination]

Options:

--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of each existing destination file-b
like --backup but does not accept an argument

-f, --force
do not prompt before overwriting

-i, --interactive
prompt before overwrite

-n, --no-clobber
do not overwrite an existing file

--strip-trailing-slashes
remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX
override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

-T, --no-target-directory
treat DEST as a normal file

-u, --update
move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing

-v, --verbose
explain what is being done

Example: Rename file1 to file2

$ mv file1 file2

Example: Move folder to a new destination

$ mv /path/to/source /path/to/destination

mkdir – make a new directory

Usage:

mkdir [option] [dir]

Options:

-m, --mode=MODE
set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask-p, --parents
no error if existing, make parent directories as needed

-v, --verbose
print a message for each created directory

-Z, --context=CTX
set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX

Example: Making a new directory and print a message explaining what is being done

$ mkdir -v NewFolder
mkdir: created directory `NewFolder'

rm – remove / delete a file

Usage:

rm [option] [file]

Options:

-f, --force
ignore nonexistent files, never prompt-i
prompt before every removal

-I
prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes

--interactive[=WHEN]
prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always

--one-file-system
when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument

--no-preserve-root
do not treat `/' specially

--preserve-root
do not remove `/' (default)

-r, -R, --recursive
remove directories and their contents recursively

-v, --verbose
explain what is being done

Example: Remove a directory and print a message explaining what is being done

user@ubuntu:~$ rm -rv test2
removed directory: `test2'

ln – create symbolic link

Usage:

ln [source] [destination](create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME)
ln [OPTION] [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME

(create a link to TARGET in the current directory)
ln [OPTION] TARGET

(create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY)
ln [OPTION] TARGET DIRECTORY
ln [OPTION] -t DIRECTORY TARGET

Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory.

Options:

--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of each existing destination file-b
like --backup but does not accept an argument

-d, -F, --directory
allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser)

-f, --force
remove existing destination files

-i, --interactive
prompt whether to remove destinations

-L, --logical
make hard links to symbolic link references

-n, --no-dereference
treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file

-P, --physical
make hard links directly to symbolic links

-s, --symbolic
make symbolic links instead of hard links

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX
override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links

-T, --no-target-directory
treat LINK_NAME as a normal file

-v, --verbose
print name of each linked file

--help
display this help and exit

--version
output version information and exit

touch – update the access time and last modified date for a file to the current time and date

Usage:

touch [option] [file]

Options:

-a
change only the access time-c, --no-create
do not create any files

-d, --date=STRING
parse STRING and use it instead of current time

-f
(ignored)

-h, --no-dereference
affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink)

-m
change only the modification time

-r, --reference=FILE
use this file's times instead of current time

-t STAMP
use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time

--time=WORD
change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m

Example: Change the access time of a file to specified date

$ touch -t 199912131415 filename
Filed under: Linux — Tags: , , , , , , , — GG @ 3:37 pm

Linux command – 1.1 – Navigating file system

pwd – print the full pathname of the current working directory

Usage:

pwd [-LP]

Options:

-L / --logical
use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks

-P / --physical
avoid all symlinks

Example: Print the current working directory

$ pwd
/home/user

cd – change the current working directory

Usage:

cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]

Options:

-L
use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks

-P
avoid all symlinks

-e
return unsuccessful status if the current working directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory change

Example: Change working directory to file system root

[user@ubuntu ~]$ cd /
[user@ubuntu /]$

ls – list directory contents

Usage:

ls [option] [file]

Options:

-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..

--author
with -l, print the author of each file

-b, --escape
print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

--block-size=SIZE
scale sizes by SIZE before printing them. SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
E.g.,
`--block-size=K' prints sizes in units of 1,024 bytes.
`--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes.

-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~

-c
with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first

-C
list entries by columns

--color[=WHEN]
colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.

-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

-f
do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

--file-type
likewise, except do not append `*'

--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso

-g
like -l, but do not list owner

--group-directories-first
group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

-G, --no-group
in a long listing, don't print group names

-h, --human-readable
with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

--si
likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line

--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory

--hide=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)

--indicator-style=WORD
append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

-i, --inode
print the index number of each file

-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

-k
like --block-size=1K

-l
use a long listing format

-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

-m
fill width with a comma separated list of entries

-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)

-o
like -l, but do not list group information

-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories

-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non graphic characters

--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)

-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double quotes

--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting

-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively

-s, --size
print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

-S
sort by file size

--sort=WORD
sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v

--time=WORD
with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time

--time-style=STYLE
with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

-t
sort by modification time, newest first

-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

-u
with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

-U
do not sort; list entries in directory order

-v
natural sort of (version) numbers within text

-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of current value

-x
list entries by lines instead of by columns

-X
sort alphabetically by entry extension

-1
list one file per line

Example: List all files & directories in file system root

$ ls /
bin   dev   initrd.img  lost+found  opt   run      srv  usr
boot  etc   lib         media       proc  sbin     sys  var
data  home  lib64       mnt         root  selinux  tmp  vmlinuz

Example: List all contents exclude those with specified file extension.

$ ls --hide='*.bak'
Filed under: Linux — Tags: , , , , — GG @ 3:14 pm

September 22, 2009

It took long path to be approved

Due to an unknown reason, the latest version of GG Commands MXP file takes 4 months to online.
I’ve got some negative comments regarding this problem.
Sorry for any inconvenience caused. It was unintended.

Below is the submission log:

22/05/2009
Submitted the MXP file to Adobe Exchange. Status: Pending Admin Review.

30/06/2009
More than 6 weeks MXP submitted, still pending admin review, contacted Adobe.

23/07/2009
Adobe Exchange feedback that previous submitted MXP file was unsuccessfully uploaded.
Uploaded the MXP again. Status: In QA Process.

20/09/2009
It has been almost 2 months the new MXP file in QA Process, but it is still not approved. Contacted Adobe again.

22/09/2009
The GG Commands v2 MXP file has finally been approved by Adobe Exchange, and released.

The newest MXP file is now can be downloaded from Adobe Exchange.
For those who has downloaded it previously, please download it again. GG Command v2

More free Flash extension

Filed under: GG's Flash Extensions — Tags: , , , , — GG @ 1:01 pm

May 22, 2009

GG Commands v2.0.0

GG Commands is a free JSFL commands extension package, it makes jobs easier in Flash. After you download and install the GG Commands v2, you can access it from Commands menu.

The current version includes 7 useful commands below:
– Distribute to Keyframes
– Duplicate Selection
– Frames Selection Report
– Insert Multiple
– Resize Text
– Scale to Stage
– Slice Bitmap Instance

After you download and install the GG Commands v2, you can access it from Commands menu (screenshot).

Distribute to Keyframes
– Distributes selected text fields and symbol instances to keyframes.

Duplicate Selection
– Duplicate selected elements with specified quantity, scale, and rotation.

Frames Selection Report
– Generates report for number of selected frames in timeline

Insert Multiple
– Insert multiple frames, keyframes, blank keyframes, or layers.

Resize Text
– Resize selected text field to user defined width and height.

Scale To Stage
– Scale selected shape/instance to the stage size, or with margin.

Slice Bitmap Instance
– Slice selected bitmap instance to rows and columns.

Warning: Slice Bitmap Instance command still has a unstablity problem causing the Flash IDE to quit or not responding. Please remember to save your document before slice.

April 16, 2007

Download GG’s Flash Extensions

GG Components, GG Tools, GG Commands, GG FLV Player Panel, & GG Book pf2 are available at Adobe Exchange. An Adobe ID is required to login and download components from Adobe Exchange. Registration is free.

Download GG's Flash Extensions

Requirements:
Macromedia Flash MX2004 / Flash 8 [Download a 30-day free trial]
Macromedia Extension Manager [Download free]

Installation:
Installer is distributed as a Macromedia Extension Package (MXP).
To install flash extension, start Macromedia Extension Manager,
Start > All Programs > Macromedia > Macromedia Extension Manager,
File > Install Extension, Browse for the MXP file, select the file, and click Install.

Filed under: GG's Flash Extensions — Tags: , , , , , , — GG @ 11:01 pm

April 2, 2007

GG Commands v1.2.0

GG Commands is a free JSFL commands extension package, it makes jobs easier in Flash. After you download and install the GG Commands v1, you can access it from Commands menu.

The current version includes 5 useful commands below:
– Distribute to Keyframes
– Insert Multiple
– Resize Text
– Scale To Stage
– Slice Bitmap Instance

After you download and install the GG Commands v1, you can access it from Commands menu.

GG Commands v1.2.0

Distribute to Keyframes
– Distributes selected text fields and symbol instances to keyframes.

Insert Multiple
– Insert multiple frames, keyframes, blank keyframes, or layers.

Resize Text
– Resize selected text field to user defined width and height.

Scale To Stage
– Scale selected shape/instance to the stage size, or with margin.

Slice Bitmap Instance
– Slice selected bitmap instance to rows and columns.

NEW! (2009-05-22)
There is a newer version of GG Commands available. Click here for more detail.

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